Standards for Creating a Campus Emergency Plan

More than one in four U.S. residents are students, attending kindergarten through college. Most of these 75.8 million children, teenagers and adults - not counting faculty and staff members - are on campuses with written emergency plans.

Current Status of Emergency Planning on U .S. Campuses as Noted in Recent Reports

Many plans expose them and their campuses to risk. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office's 2007 report to Congress:

• In the United States, 62% of public school districts lack the equipment and expertise for emergency planning.
• Only 44% have procedures for educating students about their campus emergency plans.
• Only 29% of school districts report that they train their plans with their community partners; 38% assess lessons learned after a drill or incident.
• Rural school districts are less prepared than urban districts. In addition, a 2005 national survey of school-based police officers for kindergarten through college (K-16) campuses found that 74% reported their campuses are inadequately prepared. The survey also reported:
• 92% of campuses are "soft targets" for terrorists.
• 66% of emergency plans are not exercised regularly.
• 55% percent of campus personnel do not train for emergency response.

Our firm's experience with public and private campuses supports these facts. While well intentioned, the campus emergency plans we see are typically thin regarding:

• All-hazards response.
• Establishing a command and control structure.
• Establishing chains of command.
• Outlining internal communications.
• Specifying external communications.
• Interoperability of communications.
• Training, exercises and drills on campus.
• Training and exercises with local emergency response agencies.

How Can You Comply When There Are No Consistent Standards?

There is no federal statute, regulation or standard requiring K- 16 campuses to create emergency response plans. Nor are there any state standards required of public or private K-16 campuses. Thankfully, 32 states require emergency plans for their public schools.

The U.S. Department of Education, Dept. of Homeland Security and Federal Emergency Management Agency have issued guidelines for campus emergency planning. Yet all are di Iferent. All are general. None are all-hazards.

So if there are no statutes, regulations, standards and consistent guidelines, you can write a campus emergency plan without worrying about compl iance issues, right? Wrong!

Three Avenues of Compliance You Can't Ignore

• Occupational Safety & Healtb Administration (OSHA) regulations for written emergency action, fire prevention, first aid, hazard communication and lab standard plans apply to almost every U.S. campus. In addition, Confined Space, Fall Protection and the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard (HAZWOPER) - all requiring emergency response planning, training and drills - apply to a large number of campuses. Yet almost all campus emergency plans are aimed at students and ignore employees, thereby violating federal law. How do YOll think that will play with grieving family members, trustees and jurors when an emergency strikes?
• NFPA 1600 (National Fire Protection Association) is identified by Congress as the national standard for creating, training and exercising all-hazards emergency response plans. NFPA 1600 is a robust and comprehensive standard for the continuum from emergency response to disaster recovery to continuity of operations. It is a "should" and not a "shall." More about this in a minute.
• Juries are the ultimate standard. I've served as an expert consultant for both plaintiff and defendant in front-page lawsuits where people were killed by fires. The issues include failure to plan and failure to train.

When you're the defendant, your planning and training will be scrutinized in your deposition and trial testimony. You may never get to trial because your attorneys will advise a settlement. They'll say, "We can't let you testifY that you didn't plan or train to the allhazards standard and federal law because it wasn't in the budget or it took teachers away from classrooms. Jurors believe you're mandated to keep children and employees safe." While NFPA 1600 is a "should," in the hands of Jitigators facing ajury, it's really a "shall." Add OSHA regulations, and you have a formidable set of compliance issues that you must meet to survive the legal crisis that follows an emergency.

Emergency planning for 75.8 million students and corresponding faculty and personnel is a huge undertaking. Given today 's threats, our campuses are not prepared. While there are no campusspecific federal laws, regulations or standards, campus emergency planners must pay strict attention to OSHA regulations and NFPA 1600. Ultimately, ajury will be the defining standard against which you and your campus will be held.

Bo Mitchell was Police Commissioner of Wilton, CT for 16 years. He retired in 2001 to found 911 Consulting which creates emergency, disaster recovery and business continuity plans, training and exercises for organizations like GE Headquarters, Cablevision, Goodrich, Western and Central Connecticut State Universities. He serves clients headquartered from Boston to LA working in their facilities from London to San Francisco. Bo has earned 16 certifications in homeland security, organizational safety and security. He also serves as an expert in landmark court cases nationally.

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